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Moreover, the official data only provide hourly mean wind speed, whose value is fundamentally much lower than gust speed. The engineers often question the representativeness of the observed wind data utilized for their designs. Unfortunately conventional meteorological stations in Indonesia are relatively scarce.
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The engineers typically collect wind data from a conventional meteorological station closest to their desired location. However, the design wind speeds have several problems: (1) they are used in the equatorial region as a single value (2) only a few stations (11 stations) was involved in the study for the whole equatorial region (3) the exact location of the stations is unclear, preventing an assessment of regional representativeness and (4) the study result may be outdated as it was done 20 years ago.ĭue to a lack of a regionally-dependent design wind map, in practice local engineers gather wind data from the Indonesian Meteorological, Climatological, and Geophysical Agency (BMKG) Footnote 4 on their own (BSN 2020). According to this standard, the 50-year and the 500-year return periods wind speeds are 32 and 40 m s −1, respectively. The Australian standard of HB212-2002 Design Wind Speeds for the Asia-Pacific Region (Holmes and Weller 2002) assigns the whole Indonesia to a design wind speed of Level 1.
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In the design standard for bridges (SNI 1725-2016) (BSN 2016), the design wind speed is set between 25 to 35 m s −1 for low to high wind speed regions, although these regions are not specified within the map. Even more recent design standard for buildings (SNI 1727-2020) Footnote 3 (BSN 2020) does not specify any design wind speed. This design standard is applied uniformly in the whole country and does not have a specific return period. In the earlier design standard for buildings, the Ministry of Public Works (PPPURG) Footnote 2 (PU 1987) introduced a general design wind speed of 20 m s −1 for the whole region and a special speed of 25 m s −1 for coastal area. The current Indonesian design standards do not have a consistent value for wind loading, and they typically assign a singular value to the whole region. Furthermore, there is an increasing number of tall buildings and long span bridges in the region for which wind loading is particularly important. Not only structures, power and communication networks are particularly vulnerable, with many slender structures being wind sensitive, whose failure can have a significant socioeconomic impact. In the past decade, strong wind has consistently been the second or third source of hazard, prompting the needs to understand the nature of wind in the region. The Indonesian National Disaster Management Authority Footnote 1 reported that strong wind events have been a major contributor to disasters in Indonesia (BNPB 2021). Beside a fundamental improvement for wind design, this study will benefit disaster risk mapping and other applications that require extreme wind speed distribution. The wind map highlights some drawbacks of the current national design standards, which use single wind speed values regardless of location and return period. To build the wind map, we used bias-corrected gust from ERA5 and applied the Gumbel method to predict extreme winds with different return periods. Meanwhile, extreme wind occurrences are mostly affected by small-scale weather systems, regardless of seasons and locations. Based on gust data observed in recent years from 24 stations, the extreme winds exhibit a clear annual cycle where northwestern and southeastern sides of western Java show out-of-phase relationship due to reversal monsoons. This study investigated the spatiotemporal variations of extreme winds and pioneered a design wind map in Indonesia by focusing on western Java. Understanding the characteristics of extreme winds is crucial for mitigating the disasters and for defining structural design standards. It can cause severe damages of residential construction, especially in the world’s most populated island of Java. Wind-related disasters are one of the most frequent disasters in Indonesia.
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